The total number of patients in the CRS . biofilm defense and the most effective options to fight them. Dr. Jockers This simply means they assist chemical processes in the body by allowing them to occur much faster. She has abdominal cramping & nothing has helped it. Im having better luck juicing and taking oregano oil but I cant completly rid myself of it. Thank you for reaching out. I think I am going to try your protocol. Indeed, if you can't join in on a biofilm, you're not much of a bacteria. The biofilm on my skin can cause numbing on my finger tips and toes. Learn how your comment data is processed. There could be an association but certainly cannot say that is the cause. This protocol works for most regions. In order to form biofilms, bacteria need to communicate with each other . As biofilms continue for longer periods of time, they get stronger and the barrier becomes more difficult to penetrate. . Compounds with anti-biofilm activity could become useful aides to antibiotic therapy. If I post an affiliate link to a product, it is something that I personally use, support and would recommend without an affiliate link. Hey Christina, Keeping your stress levels low and maintaining good hydration is key while following the protocol and you may want to avoid high intensity workouts. This allows for the biofilm disruptor to act, exposing the microbe to the antimicrobial treatment shortly thereafter. This article may be helpful https://drjockers.com/rebuild-gut-flora-metabolism/. relapse once antibiotics or herbal antimicrobials are . I am taking 2 pills of each twice a day on an empty stomach. Polyphenols contain antibacterial properties that remove dental plaque. I am Canadain but i live in a small town in south of France. SKU: 1230600128 Categories: All Items, Digestive Health Supplements, Immune Boosting Products Tags: best biofilm busters, best biofilm disruptors, biofilm detox, biofilm dissolving supplement, biofilm removal from body, get rid of biofilm, groupc, how to get rid of biofilm in the body, natural biofilm busters, natural biofilm disruptors Many of these patients have been on multiple courses of antibiotics and/or antifungal drugs which . Not only do biofilms shield the pathogen from our own immune system, but they also accelerate the growth and dispersion of the pathogen throughout the GI tract while providing an environment for new pathogens to attach and grow. And certain the biofilm is preventing the healing. A biofilm is formed of what are called extracellular polymers that act like a glue and create a physical barrier around colonizing bacteria, fungus, parasites, etc. What is often missing from the antimicrobial treatment of SIBO is the use of biofilm disruptors, like N-acetylcysteine. Dr. Jockers, I have inflammation on prostate.actually the microbe is klebsielaCan i follow the program along to antibiotics?If yes, which is the order(e.g. I would recommend working with a functional health coach to get to the root cause: https://drjockers.com/functional-nutrition-tips-to-find-a-great-health-coach/. Conditions like leaky gut or the presence of a foreign pathogen in the digestive tract can drastically interfere with a persons health. Biofilms are an accumulation of microorganisms and their extracellular products forming structured communities attached to a surface such as the lining of the urogenital tract. GI Clear also contains other anti-microbial and anti-biofilm herbs such as artemisinin, tribulus and black walnut powder. We typically prefer blends for treating biofilms and the unique matrix-dissolving enzymes in Biofilm Defense seem to do the job. Yes Neem, clove and vidanga can work well. Sometimes it can look like a mucousy film, but not always! So sorry to hear this Angie! Hence, to rid the body of some types of biofilms, theres a need to interfere with quorum sensing. Remember These Important Points So a couple of closing points I want you to remember about todays video. It's now also recognized as an effective biofilm-disruptor, in . Some studies show that enzyme action starts within two hours of dosing and in most cases, biofilm development may be reduced to 50% within a day. However, these alone won't do the trick. Hello Dr Jokers, Which can be frustrating when you want to work out what is hiding in your gut quickly, we know. This is because an estimated 80% of all GI infections are caused by biofilm-producing microbes. just finished the DesBio protocol for borrella, Epstein Barr, Babesia and the last co infection was bartonella. Recently, discoveries have been made that suggest that microorganisms can communicate with one another via cell signalling which causes the same types of cells to form colonies together. Learn more about Biofilms and natural biofilm busters. I am on day two and I believe I have developed a yeast infection. Among my top strategies is having my patients complete functional lab work that includes a comprehensive stool test. > Previous treatments without natural biofilm disruptors have been unsuccessful. If you want to edit existing content, go to 1: The biofilm life cycle. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, We are always interested in hearing from you. I am a health coach and I have one question, my client is breastfeeding her 8 month old baby and plans to continue to do until she turns 2, however the mother needs to follow your program based on her test results, can she do so if she is breastfeeding? Very informative article. I would recommend working with a functional health practitioner. This certainly aligns with our experience in clinical practice and is why a natural biofilm disruptor needs to be included as part of any comprehensive IBS treatment protocol. Another question is, how do I get these products you mentioned here complete since I am not in the USA? Other biofilm disruptors include fibrinolytic, proteolytic enzymes 5 (nattokinase, lumbrokinase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, serrapeptase), and N-acetyl cysteine 6. Some can preferentially target overgrowth of 'bad' microbes in biofilms, while enhancing 'good' bacterial biofilms 3, such as: Garlic has been found to be effective against fungal biofilms 9 Oregano 9 Cinnamon 10 Curcumin 11 N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 12 2 Enviornment. Rinsing your mouth with Cistus incanus tea may help to maintain the normal flora in the mouth and eliminate bad breath. 3 Clothes. Given that proper microbial diversity in the gut is absolutely critical for mental and immune health, you simply cannot experience optimal health without it. If not properly absorbed and passed through the stool, the toxic die-off can lead to what is known as a Herxheimer reaction. And no matter what I try i cant lose weight. Some studies show that enzyme action starts within two hours of dosing and in most cases, biofilm development may be reduced to 50% within a day. Hi Carmie, Sorry to hear about that! How to Inhibit Biofilms: Natural Biofilm Disruptors When bacteria form biofilms, they don't lump together by chance. Many of these have been used in traditional medicinal practices for centuries, but have also recently been clinically tested as effective solutions. These are my top 7. Many thanks. Buy Kirkman - Biofilm Defense - 60 Capsules - Aids Gut & Digestive Health - Immune Support - Hypoallergenic on Amazon.com FREE SHIPPING on qualified orders Amazon.com: Kirkman - Biofilm Defense - 60 Capsules - Aids Gut & Digestive Health - Immune Support - Hypoallergenic : Health & Household Skip to main content .us Hello Although they occur on all kinds of surfaces in the outside environment, biofilms become problematics due to their ability to colonize the human body (60-80% of all infections are due to biofilm . Another 2013 study found that out of 35 different compounds observed, curcumin landed itself as one of the top six biofilm-disrupting agents (4). I love the knowledge you are putting out there for everyone, thank you! How does a biofilm disruptor work? > Natural biofilm disruptors that can help. If you are taking antibiotic for infection, should one NOT take a biofilm disruptor until the antibiotic is completed? The biofilm busting tea may improve the lipid profile that reduces the risk of cardiovascular development. I also take cranberry. Biofilm disruptors have been in use to help counter these biofilms but only natural biofilm disruptors seem to work. Front chest, feet and lower legs. Dr David Jockers is passionate about seeing people reach their health potential in mind, body and spirit. Bacterial biofilms are communities of bacteria in their sessile form, and can be extremely difficult to eradicate with conventional antibiotic therapy. Herbally speaking, goldenseal has been useful as well. I personally eat fresh oregano almost every day in my foods. Do you have any suggestions or a protocol for eliminating Klebsiella from gut in regard to Ankylosing Spondylitis flare ups? However, natural biofilm disruptors may be taken for two weeks or even more after consulting with a good practitioner. Its in my wood floors. Enzymes is what opens up biofilms. I have Morgellons disease..would your products get rid of it and cure me? First of all I love your site lots of amazing info. Do you want to get rid of your scars? Isolated from Oregon grape, goldenseal, and a few other herbs, this compound has an impressive list of benefits. However, I am sensitive to Curcumin. 5: single cells are released from the biofilm. Sorry to hear about this! What protocol should she start with? I have to travel so trying to kick it. Hey Crandall, Sorry to hear about the yeast infection! For example: Because it is so important for overall health, optimizing gut function is a foundational aspect of my healing approach. This test is effective at uncovering pathogens in the digestive tract. I also take dmannose and allicin! My symptoms are explosive gas, bloody diarrhea, and frequency. Natural biofilm disruptors may be taken for a week or two for effective results. Thank you. it is important to understand a simple antibiotic or anti-fungal compound whether natural or pharmaceutical may be rendered useless if the biofilm structure is sound. Antibiotics for bacterial infections must be administered after a proper checkup to avoid further spread of infection. Find a biofilm disruptor. Except for plaque, most of the biofilms formed in our body are usually invisible and very difficult to trace. I recommend speaking with a functional health practitioner who can customize a protocol that is best for you. It is a natural process for biofilms to form and then be disrupted. By combining them into a comprehensive protocol, every aspect of biofilm eradication can be addressed. On top of the anti-pathogen benefits, curcumin has also been deemed significantly effective at disrupting biofilm when taken along with certain antibiotics. Most people use it because of its effectiveness in alleviating pain and i. Biofilms act as a form of protection against these antimicrobial agents. We now know that of anti-parasitic and antimicrobial herbs that are so effective because they naturally bust through and degrade biofilm. Research in this regard has also suggested that these biofilm dissolving enzymes can help counter biofilms. Your email address will not be published. Geek alert! For this purpose, the first course of action involves the use of biofilm disruptors and biofilm disruptors seem to be the most effective and worthwhile option. Hey Kara, I am sorry to hear this! The enzymes mentioned above may help in the three steps involved in biofilms removal namely destabilization, breakdown, and flushing out of the biofilm. It detects parasites, gut imbalances, H Pylori, and much more. Biofilm formation is thought to rely on a bacterial communication process called quorum sensing. Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme. I cant dig them out, and cant find any cleaner will help dissolve and eliminate. So in this post, Were going to provide an overview of our natural biofilm treatment protocol as well as explain why biofilm disruptors are such an important part of eradicating parasites, bacteria, SIBO, yeast and other pathogenic infections. This is why, despite aggressive treatments, many patients don't get better . Another consideration would be the Heavy Metal Detox product here: https://store.drjockers.com/products/heavy-metal-detox as EDTA may be helpful for breaking down biofilms, you will definitely want to use activated charcoal with it. Natural biofilms disruptors can be taken for 1-2 weeks, but advice from a good medical practitioner in this regard is preferable. Klebsiella infections are a serious pathogen that often affects individuals with a weakened immune system. Together, these herbs compliment each other and may support the health of the immune system, so that biofilm activity can be weakened naturally. I am in China. Will the biofilm protocol target what has pretty much become chronic bacterial vaginosis? In terms of pathogen eradication, carvacrol has been shown to inhibit antibiotic resistant bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. There is also the possibility that while some microbes may be detected - the planktonic ones - the full variety hiding in biofilm may not be detected. Oils including Oregano, Thyme, Rosemary; Herbs including Curcumin and Olive leaf; Moderate to Strong Natural Biofilm Disruptors. I went to, would not come near me or even look at my skin after hearing about my symptoms. Additionally, the Organic Acid Test is good at looking at potential pathogenic yeast and bacteria in the small intestine. When the immune system becomes weak, opportunities arise for these kinds of infections to spread rapidly. Sincerely- Becca, So sorry to hear about this Becca! The 4th and perhaps most important step is to repopulate the intestine with friendly microbes to "crowd out" the candida and not give it room to regrow. bacteria, yeast, etc.) Next, steps need to be taken to disrupt and kill the underlying pathogen that formed the biofilm. By taking steps to safely break up biofilms, we drastically increase our ability to detect and destroy unwanted pathogens. The Functional Gut Health Clinic - online clinic helping clients with IBS, SIBO, constipation, diarrhea and other digestive conditions. Another great biofilm disruptor is the ancient tonic, apple cider vinegar. You can find details here: https://drjockers.com/functional-nutrition-tips-to-find-a-great-health-coach/. I had a fecal test by Diagnostic Solutions which showed HIGH Enterobacter spp., Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp. It is obtained from the fermented soy product natto. Can he still use your protocol.? Hey Cam! Biofilm bacteria endure antibiotic treatment due to the reason that antibiotics cannot pass through biofilm properly. views of this Authors content on Klusster. Biofilms can make infections 100-1000X more resistant to antibiotics 3. You should notice results within 2-4 weeks of improved symptoms and less inflammation. "Join my tribe today to discover hidden strategies to improve your energy, brain, digestion & metabolism.". > New infections show up on retesting, even after a round of antimicrobials. But those hiding inside a biofilm generally evade detection. (under Manage) and select the content to edit. It is like a secret code for bugs. How to Inhibit Biofilms: Natural Biofilm Disruptors When bacteria form biofilms, they don't lump together by chance. Unlike nasal rinses and neti pots which can push allergens, pathogens, molds, and pollens deeper into the spirals of the nasal . Natural biofilm disruptors mostly take twenty-four hours to even start working. What can we do for our dogs and cats? Lighter: many herbals like oregano, thyme, rosemary, volatile spices, curcumin, capsaicin, olive leaf. Studies suggest that with these amazing characteristics, nattokinase may help to reduce the biofilm deposition in the body. Unfortunately, both approaches often do not fully eradicate the pathogen. Unlike the compounds listed so far, berberine is less likely to be found in the common household. For this reason, natural biofilm disruptors mostly take about twenty-four hours to work. It is for this reason that we recommend using a natural biofilm disruptor for at least two weeks prior to testing for IBS root causes. Interestingly, some of them are commonly found in health food stores. I take oregano oil, nattokinase and recently started taking apple cider vinegar & tart cherry! In order to form biofilms, bacteria need to communicate with each other ( R ). I am having reoccurring bacterial vaginosis and I have been prescribed metrogel, but I feel it is useless. This is because biofilm-producing microorganisms are now estimated to be involved with 80% of all GI infections in humans (1). > How biofilm makes treatment harder. Neem is a scrub for intestinal villi, an antagonist to bacterial biofilm accumulation,4-6 and is naturally cleansing and detoxing for the blood, skin, and liver. A biofilm disruptor is exactly as it sounds. Read it here. There are other biofilm disruptors out there. I would see how it works for you! So if we cant see all the microbes, we dont know what to address. Do I start with detox first or go into biofilm protocol first? Oregano Leaf Extract Oregano is one of nature's most powerful antifungal herbs. The GI Map Stool Analysis is a fantastic test for overall gut health. Oregano oil has worked in the past, but it works very slowly (perhaps due to dose?). These are some of the many factors that contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance that has been occurring in recent years. (612) 730-2237 ; Mon - Fri: 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM; 7101 YORK AVE S #130 Edina, MN 55435 . And would azithromycin kill it? Serrapeptase Benefits, Uses, and Side-Effects of the Silkworm Enzyme. Select laboratory studies have explored its potential as a biofilm disruptor which include: Research on Monolaurin and Salmonella Is there any indication /sign when youre doing the biofilm protocol that it actually is working and destroying the biofilm? 1 Pets. For long periods of time, you may consult . All this talk about biofilms may sound disconcerting so far but, now that we know about them, this information is actually quite empowering. So does that mean to complete the 14-day protocol without using probiotics or pre-biotics first and then when finished with the protocol restart the probiotics and prebiotics? N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione, has been investigated for its effectiveness both in inhibiting biofilm formation and in destroying developed . I trying to remove these adult overgrown animals from my Gut but nothing seem to work:!! You cant wash it out. Biofilms Detox helps you get rid of biofilm is a herbal supplement available at your trusted natural health supplements online - Whole Family Products, it contains goldenseal ingredients. and Citrobacter spp. This article provides good insight into biofilm defense and the most effective options to fight them. My protocol combines proteolytic enzymes with antimicrobial herbs and activated charcoal to bust that biofilm once and for all. Very sorry to hear that! 4. The lab I like to use the most is called the GI MAP Stool Analysis which is very good for picking up pathogens such as H Pylori and parasites as well as problematic bacteria. Activated charcoal is extremely useful for absorbing the toxins from pathogenic die-off and passing them through the stool. , Could biofilm be the reason behind chronic UTIs from E. coli? I think thats what I am feeling. Biofilms are the matrix under which bacteria and fungi hide under. While activated charcoal isnt directly involved in breaking up biofilms, it is a crucial step in a biofilm-breaking protocol. For further support with your health goals, just reach out and our fantastic coaches are here to support your journey. How safe is it for nursing mothers? In these, various forms of the Lyme bacteria evade the immune system and hide from herbal and prescription antibiotics. which form a protective layer. Its best taken 30 minutes before food and away from antimicrobials and other supplements. Hey Hankg, I recommend the biofilm protocol before the test. Hi Jen, Every individual has unique needs. What would you suggest to break down this biofilm? In fact, prescription antibiotics have often been isolated as a contributor to biofilm formation (2). Privacy Policy & Disclaimer | Terms & Conditions, United States of America | Canada | United Kingdom | Australia | New Zealand, SIBO (Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth). & you live in north Ga! This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. I have had chronic BV for the past year! Biofilms found along the epithelial lining of the nasal passageways and GI tract are less understood. thanks. Cistus is a powerful biofilm-breaker that can help destroy biofilm and restore a healthy microbial balance in the human body. My daughter has had a chronic sinus infection for many months (over 6). All biofilm disruptors should be taken on an empty stomach (30 minutes before food or 2 hours after) and should ideally be followed with herbal antimicrobials about 30 minutes after taken. This matrix forms a type of shield around the clump making the microorganisms hiding inside hard to detect in testing, and difficult to address. Natural treatment of biofilm. This stuff embeds in your clothes, shoes, coats. Before completing such a test, it may be necessary to follow a modified version of the biofilm removal protocol outlined above. But not anymore! There have been solutions in both the traditional as well as the natural medicine realm for ridding gut pathogens for some time. By disrupting the biofilm, we are more likely to get the full and accurate picture of exactly what is going on in the GI tract, and what we need to treat. These enzymes may also help to break down the structural matrix and reduce the biofilm formation ability of the microorganisms which leads to the disassembly of the biofilm structure. In chronic Lyme and associated diseases they can cause: treatment resistance, antibiotic resistance, and. Biofilm removal from the body happens stepwise like its development. My dogs and cat have this too, and vets have no clue on what to do. When these individual microorganisms attach to a surface, such as the GI tract, they clump together into a matrix and create a colony. Could this protocol help, Possibly Rachel! In some cases, biofilm development may be reduced to 50% within a day. Biofilm dissolving enzymes are available as supplements in the market and can be consumed for up to two weeks. So recently I started a Biofilm Protocol but i dont know if im doing it correctly. Just a note about Neem- not good for those with autoimmune diseases. If you want to work with a functional health coach, I recommendthis article with tips on how to find a great coach. but I feel there is alot in there. A biofilm is a group of microorganisms (i.e. This image-rich 42 page, research based guide will show you the best strategies and protocols to: Register for free today to get instant access! Hey Michelle breast feeding mothers can do systemic enzymes but doing high doses of certain herbs like garlic can impact the flavor of the milk and the childs microbiome so I dont recommend that. reduce bacterial, yeast and parasitic overgrowths and support overall digestive and immune health. Research suggests that microorganisms communicate with one another via cell-signaling which allows the same types of cells to form colonies together. I like using the Organic Turmeric which has other great biofilm busting ingredients such as ginger and cumin. Hi Sally, I would recommend trying to include oregano into your regular diet. I have had RA and regular blood work, and nothing is showing up. Biofilm Disruptors are agents that are able to penetrate and destruct or alter these networks. Removing harmful biofilms should help! Pretty sure I have Morgellons. Not only does the active component allicin have the ability to destroy antibacterial resistant bacteria, but has been shown to inhibit biofilm formation as well. These biofilm disruptors can make treatment more effective, but can also create a bigger die off reaction. In my case do you think its better to use everything at the same time or dividing on intervals? My biofilm is so chronic that it has developed into very long chain-like tough worms that make painful movements all over my body. This QS process makes microorganisms work as a group, changing and adapting to the available environment. I believe that pathogens present in the gut may be a much larger issue than we originally thought. After the 14 days recommended above, you would probably want to use ongoing anti-microbial support. Even my Dr. Of 20 years wanted me to do a meth test. Do you have any special advise on Mycoplasma biofilms? I am not sure how you would get these in China but you should look for these similar ingredients at your health food store. You might be thinking that its not possible but you are wrong. 11 Benefits of Melatonin: What It Does Into Our Body? Typically pet level, and anywhere hands may touch. With this, the treatment becomes more challenging. "Biofilms have great importance for public health because of their role in certain infectious diseases and importance in a variety of device-related infections. Ive had this issue for nearly 12 years and have not found relief with antibiotic treatment and have seen many OBGYNs with no functional medicine background. Hello I was wondering how much garlic and oregano oil to take? I am scared and not sure what to do. These can include enzymes such as nattokinase, lumbrokinase, proteases, streptokinase, NAC, and plasmin.I used Biofilm Phase 2 Advanced from Priority One which is specifically formulated for the disruption of advanced biofilms, but there are plenty to . Lose Weight Fast With These 3 Safe and Healthy TipsEnter content title here Understanding The Miracle of Serrapeptase Scar Tissue Removal. although it can be toxic if used wrong, bismuth is a biofilm disruptor as well which is why they put it in with H. pylori therapy. I recommend finding a functional health practitioner that will help get to the root cause of your problems and customize a specific plan for you! These contain specialized enzymes to disrupt the biofilm matrix embedding . I have an autistic 6 years old son and I have pulled lots biofilm and still pulling, he improved in speech and focus. Candida is a yeast (fungi kingdom). For bacteria, this is an important survival mechanism. Hello Linda, it does sound like that is a good protocol. Serrapeptase is a powerful anti-inflammatory substance as well. Once disassembly is done and biofilm is broken, the body flushes out the unwanted biomaterial and binders help with the healing of the body. DR. Jockers, Thank-you for sharing all this info. Also strange things like dead fingertips with cold weather. Common natural antifungals used in yeast overgrowth treatment include oregano oil, garlic, black walnut, uva ursi, berberine, and olive leaf among others. These issues have become a daily challenge for me. Process of Biofilms Removal From The Body. Save THIS PIN below to your Gut Healing board on Pinterest! Adding fermented foods and drinks rich in probiotics and enzymes as well as digestive bitters and herbs will help maintain healthy gut bacteria and prevent microbial biofilms. Learn more. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Another option is the Complete Digestive Health Analysis. > The impact of biofilm on testing for root causes of IBS. In compliance with the FTC guidelines, please assume the following about links and posts on this site: Many of the links on DrJockers.com are affiliate links of which I receive a small commission from sales of certain items, but the price is the same for you. i love your informations, it is a great educational for me. Freaks me out everytime. Open to all levels from beginner to more experienced. Hi, just to mention that Candida is not a bacteria as mentioned in teh friendly/unfriendly bacteria. Any thoughts? These are: Clove, or Syzygium aromaticum False black pepper, or Embelia ribes (5) Apple cider vinegar, a popular all-purpose home remedy and household cleaning agent, is an acetic acid solution. Yes biofilms may be playing a role in this. However, natural biofilm disruptors may be taken for two weeks or even more after consulting with a good practitioner. He is the host of the popular Dr Jockers Functional Nutrition podcast and the author of the best-selling books, The Keto Metabolic Breakthrough and The Fasting Transformation.. You may also consider working with a functional practitioner that will customize a specific plan for you! Get instant access to 2 FREE eBooks when you subscribe to Dr. Jockers newsletter. Lets hope it is a good thing. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective control strategies for biofilm control and a resulting improvement in patient management." [Ref #1] This means that at times, it may appear as though you dont have the kind of bugs we were expecting to see, and that are actually causing your symptoms. InterFase Plus and Biofilm Defense. The physiological heterogeneity of multicellular biofilms has been associated with development of subpopulations highly tolerant . It hides behind biofilm and is difficult to reach. I recommend the Para 2 here: https://store.drjockers.com/products/para-2. +90 Mins, With Breakfast: 2 Capsules Each of GI Clear & Organic Turmeric, +90 Mins, With Lunch: 2 Capsules Each of GI Clear & Organic Turmeric, +90 Mins, With Dinner: 2 Capsules Each of GI Clear & Organic Turmeric. Lol. Tia. Does this particular protocol address this? Natural biofilm disruptors may be taken for a week or two for effective results. Biofilm disruptors are used to help counter problematic and disease causing biofilms.

Smoked Salmon Starters Bbc Good Food, Craigslist Healthcare Job, Articles N