Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). See answer. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. The farming systems are facing constraints such as small land size, lack of resources, and increasing degradation of soil quality that hamper sustainable crop production and food security. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Figure 2. PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, 2017). World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. Cultivating effective. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their . The country has also ample opportunity in. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. image: . Arthropod pests such as locust (Schistocerca gregaria), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), stalk borer (Busseola fusca, Chilo partellus and Sesamia calamistis), cutworm, fruit flies (Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. anonae, and C. capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. invadens), termites (Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Microtermites, etc), weevils [(Sitophilus spp. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. Current challenges facing the global food system. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. ILRI. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Nov. 13, 2009. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. Shekuru et al. Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, 2016). By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). The country is home to about 49 million heads of cattle, 22 million heads of goats, 17 million heads of sheep and 38 million chickens. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). 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